# 下载并安装最新版本
curl -L https://github.com/pgsty/pg_exporter/releases/latest/download/pg_exporter-$(uname -s)-$(uname -m).tar.gz | tar xz
sudo install pg_exporter /usr/bin/

# 使用 PostgreSQL 连接 URL 运行
PG_EXPORTER_URL='postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/postgres' pg_exporter

# 验证指标是否可用
curl http://localhost:9630/metrics

-- 创建监控用户
CREATE USER pg_monitor WITH PASSWORD 'secure_password';

-- 授予必要权限
GRANT pg_monitor TO pg_monitor;
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE postgres TO pg_monitor;

-- 对于 PostgreSQL 10+，pg_monitor 角色提供对监控视图的读取权限
-- 对于更早版本，您可能需要额外的授权

# 设置连接 URL
export PG_EXPORTER_URL='postgres://pg_monitor:secure_password@localhost:5432/postgres'

# 以干运行模式运行以测试配置
pg_exporter --dry-run

# 使用默认设置运行
pg_exporter

# 或使用自定义标志
pg_exporter \
  --url='postgres://pg_monitor:secure_password@localhost:5432/postgres' \
  --web.listen-address=':9630' \
  --log.level=info

scrape_configs:
  - job_name: 'postgresql'
    static_configs:
      - targets: ['localhost:9630']
        labels:
          instance: 'postgres-primary'

# 查看原始指标
curl http://localhost:9630/metrics | grep pg_

# 检查导出器统计信息
curl http://localhost:9630/stat

# 验证服务器检测
curl http://localhost:9630/explain

# 启用自动发现（默认行为）
pg_exporter --auto-discovery

# 排除特定数据库
pg_exporter --auto-discovery \
  --exclude-database="template0,template1,postgres"

# 仅包含特定数据库
pg_exporter --auto-discovery \
  --include-database="app_db,analytics_db"

# 连接到 pgBouncer 管理数据库
PG_EXPORTER_URL='postgres://pgbouncer:password@localhost:6432/pgbouncer' \
pg_exporter --config=/etc/pg_exporter.yml

docker run -d \
  --name pg_exporter \
  -p 9630:9630 \
  -e PG_EXPORTER_URL="postgres://user:pass@host.docker.internal:5432/postgres" \
  pgsty/pg_exporter:latest

docker run -d \
  --name pg_exporter \
  -p 9630:9630 \
  -v /path/to/pg_exporter.yml:/etc/pg_exporter.yml \
  -e PG_EXPORTER_URL="postgres://user:pass@db:5432/postgres" \
  pgsty/pg_exporter:latest

# 基本健康检查
curl http://localhost:9630/up
# 返回：连接正常返回 200，否则返回 503

# 主库检测
curl http://localhost:9630/primary
# 返回：主库返回 200，从库返回 404，未知返回 503

# 从库检测
curl http://localhost:9630/replica
# 返回：从库返回 200，主库返回 404，未知返回 503

# 使用详细日志测试
pg_exporter --log.level=debug --dry-run

# 检查服务器规划
pg_exporter --explain

-- 检查当前权限
SELECT * FROM pg_roles WHERE rolname = 'pg_monitor';

-- 如需要，授予额外权限
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA pg_catalog TO pg_monitor;
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA pg_catalog TO pg_monitor;

curl -fsSL https://repo.pigsty.io/get | bash; cd ~/pigsty;

sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/pigsty-infra.repo > /dev/null <<-'EOF'
[pigsty-infra]
name=Pigsty Infra for $basearch
baseurl=https://repo.pigsty.io/yum/infra/$basearch
enabled = 1
gpgcheck = 0
module_hotfixes=1
EOF

sudo yum makecache;
sudo yum install -y pg_exporter

sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pigsty-infra.list > /dev/null <<EOF
deb [trusted=yes] https://repo.pigsty.io/apt/infra generic main
EOF

sudo apt update;
sudo apt install -y pg-exporter

# 基本用法
docker run -d \
  --name pg_exporter \
  -p 9630:9630 \
  -e PG_EXPORTER_URL="postgres://user:password@host:5432/postgres" \
  pgsty/pg_exporter:latest

# 使用自定义配置
docker run -d \
  --name pg_exporter \
  -p 9630:9630 \
  -v /path/to/pg_exporter.yml:/etc/pg_exporter.yml:ro \
  -e PG_EXPORTER_CONFIG="/etc/pg_exporter.yml" \
  -e PG_EXPORTER_URL="postgres://user:password@host:5432/postgres" \
  pgsty/pg_exporter:latest

# 启用自动发现
docker run -d \
  --name pg_exporter \
  -p 9630:9630 \
  -e PG_EXPORTER_URL="postgres://user:password@host:5432/postgres" \
  -e PG_EXPORTER_AUTO_DISCOVERY="true" \
  -e PG_EXPORTER_EXCLUDE_DATABASE="template0,template1" \
  pgsty/pg_exporter:latest

collector_branch_name:           # 此采集器的唯一标识符
  name: metric_namespace         # 指标前缀（默认为分支名称）
  desc: "采集器描述"             # 人类可读的描述
  query: |                       # 要执行的 SQL 查询
    SELECT column1, column2
    FROM table

  # 执行控制
  ttl: 10                        # 缓存生存时间（秒）
  timeout: 0.1                   # 查询超时（秒）
  fatal: false                   # 如果为 true，失败将导致整个抓取失败
  skip: false                    # 如果为 true，禁用此采集器

  # 版本兼容性
  min_version: 100000            # 最小 PostgreSQL 版本（包含）
  max_version: 999999            # 最大 PostgreSQL 版本（不包含）

  # 执行标签
  tags: [cluster, primary]       # 执行条件

  # 谓词查询（可选）
  predicate_queries:
    - name: "check_function"
      predicate_query: |
        SELECT EXISTS (...)

  # 指标定义
  metrics:
    - column_name:
        usage: GAUGE             # GAUGE、COUNTER、LABEL 或 DISCARD
        rename: metric_name      # 可选：重命名指标
        description: "帮助文本"   # 指标描述
        default: 0               # NULL 时的默认值
        scale: 1000              # 值的缩放因子

pg_stat_database:  # 必须唯一
  name: pg_db      # 实际的指标命名空间

query: |
  SELECT
    datname,
    numbackends,
    xact_commit,
    xact_rollback,
    blks_read,
    blks_hit
  FROM pg_stat_database
  WHERE datname NOT IN ('template0', 'template1')

# 快速查询 - 最小缓存
pg_stat_activity:
  ttl: 1  # 缓存 1 秒

# 昂贵查询 - 较长缓存
pg_table_bloat:
  ttl: 3600  # 缓存 1 小时

timeout: 0.1   # 默认 100ms
timeout: 1.0   # 复杂查询使用 1 秒
timeout: -1    # 禁用超时（不推荐）

min_version: 100000  # PostgreSQL 10.0+
max_version: 140000  # 低于 PostgreSQL 14.0

pg_exporter --tag="production,critical"

expensive_metrics:
  tags: [critical]  # 仅在有 'critical' 标签时运行

predicate_queries:
  - name: "检查 pg_stat_statements"
    predicate_query: |
      SELECT EXISTS (
        SELECT 1 FROM pg_extension
        WHERE extname = 'pg_stat_statements'
      )

metrics:
  - numbackends:
      usage: GAUGE
      description: "已连接的后端进程数"

metrics:
  - checkpoint_write_time:
      usage: COUNTER
      rename: write_time        # 重命名指标
      scale: 0.001              # 将毫秒转换为秒
      default: 0                # NULL 时使用 0
      description: "检查点写入时间（秒）"

pg_connections:
  desc: "当前数据库连接"
  query: |
    SELECT
      count(*) as total,
      count(*) FILTER (WHERE state = 'active') as active,
      count(*) FILTER (WHERE state = 'idle') as idle,
      count(*) FILTER (WHERE state = 'idle in transaction') as idle_in_transaction
    FROM pg_stat_activity
    WHERE pid != pg_backend_pid()
  ttl: 1
  metrics:
    - total: {usage: GAUGE, description: "总连接数"}
    - active: {usage: GAUGE, description: "活跃连接数"}
    - idle: {usage: GAUGE, description: "空闲连接数"}
    - idle_in_transaction: {usage: GAUGE, description: "事务中空闲连接数"}

pg_table_stats:
  desc: "表统计信息"
  query: |
    SELECT
      schemaname,
      tablename,
      n_tup_ins,
      n_tup_upd,
      n_tup_del,
      n_live_tup,
      n_dead_tup
    FROM pg_stat_user_tables
  ttl: 10
  metrics:
    - schemaname: {usage: LABEL}
    - tablename: {usage: LABEL}
    - n_tup_ins: {usage: COUNTER, description: "插入的元组数"}
    - n_tup_upd: {usage: COUNTER, description: "更新的元组数"}
    - n_tup_del: {usage: COUNTER, description: "删除的元组数"}
    - n_live_tup: {usage: GAUGE, description: "活跃元组数"}
    - n_dead_tup: {usage: GAUGE, description: "死亡元组数"}

pg_wal_stats:
  desc: "WAL 统计信息（PG 14+）"
  min_version: 140000
  query: |
    SELECT
      wal_records,
      wal_bytes,
      wal_buffers_full,
      wal_write_time,
      wal_sync_time
    FROM pg_stat_wal
  ttl: 10
  tags: [cluster]
  metrics:
    - wal_records: {usage: COUNTER}
    - wal_bytes: {usage: COUNTER}
    - wal_buffers_full: {usage: COUNTER}
    - wal_write_time: {usage: COUNTER, scale: 0.001}
    - wal_sync_time: {usage: COUNTER, scale: 0.001}

pg_stat_statements_metrics:
  desc: "查询性能统计"
  tags: [extension:pg_stat_statements]
  query: |
    SELECT
      sum(calls) as total_calls,
      sum(total_exec_time) as total_time,
      sum(mean_exec_time * calls) / sum(calls) as mean_time
    FROM pg_stat_statements
  ttl: 60
  metrics:
    - total_calls: {usage: COUNTER}
    - total_time: {usage: COUNTER, scale: 0.001}
    - mean_time: {usage: GAUGE, scale: 0.001}

# /etc/pg_exporter/custom_metrics.yml
app_metrics:
  desc: "应用特定指标"
  query: |
    SELECT
      (SELECT count(*) FROM users WHERE active = true) as active_users,
      (SELECT count(*) FROM orders WHERE created_at > NOW() - '1 hour'::interval) as recent_orders,
      (SELECT avg(processing_time) FROM jobs WHERE completed_at > NOW() - '5 minutes'::interval) as avg_job_time
  ttl: 30
  metrics:
    - active_users: {usage: GAUGE, description: "当前活跃用户数"}
    - recent_orders: {usage: GAUGE, description: "最近一小时的订单数"}
    - avg_job_time: {usage: GAUGE, description: "平均作业处理时间"}

pg_exporter --explain --config=/etc/pg_exporter/

partition_metrics:
  desc: "分区表指标"
  predicate_queries:
    - name: "检查是否使用了分区"
      predicate_query: |
        SELECT EXISTS (
          SELECT 1 FROM pg_class
          WHERE relkind = 'p' LIMIT 1
        )
  query: |
    SELECT
      parent.relname as parent_table,
      count(*) as partition_count,
      sum(pg_relation_size(child.oid)) as total_size
    FROM pg_inherits
    JOIN pg_class parent ON parent.oid = pg_inherits.inhparent
    JOIN pg_class child ON child.oid = pg_inherits.inhrelid
    WHERE parent.relkind = 'p'
    GROUP BY parent.relname
  ttl: 300
  metrics:
    - parent_table: {usage: LABEL}
    - partition_count: {usage: GAUGE}
    - total_size: {usage: GAUGE}

# 查看采集器统计
curl http://localhost:9630/stat

# 检查哪些采集器较慢
curl http://localhost:9630/metrics | grep pg_exporter_collector_duration

# 干运行 - 显示解析后的配置
pg_exporter --dry-run

# 解释 - 显示计划的查询
pg_exporter --explain

pg_exporter --log.level=debug

curl http://localhost:9630/metrics

# 检查服务是否正常
curl -I http://localhost:9630/up

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8

curl http://localhost:9630/health

# 存活探针配置
livenessProbe:
  httpGet:
    path: /liveness
    port: 9630
  initialDelaySeconds: 30
  periodSeconds: 10

# 就绪探针配置
readinessProbe:
  httpGet:
    path: /readiness
    port: 9630
  initialDelaySeconds: 5
  periodSeconds: 5

# 检查服务器是否为主库
curl -I http://localhost:9630/primary

# 在 HAProxy 配置中使用
backend pg_primary
  option httpchk GET /primary
  server pg1 10.0.0.1:5432 check port 9630
  server pg2 10.0.0.2:5432 check port 9630

# 检查服务器是否为从库
curl -I http://localhost:9630/replica

# 在负载均衡器配置中使用
backend pg_replicas
  option httpchk GET /replica
  server pg2 10.0.0.2:5432 check port 9630
  server pg3 10.0.0.3:5432 check port 9630

# 检查服务器是否可以处理读请求
curl -I http://localhost:9630/read

# 将读流量路由到任何可用服务器
backend pg_read
  option httpchk GET /read
  server pg1 10.0.0.1:5432 check port 9630
  server pg2 10.0.0.2:5432 check port 9630
  server pg3 10.0.0.3:5432 check port 9630

curl -X POST http://localhost:9630/reload

{
  "status": "success",
  "message": "Configuration reloaded successfully",
  "timestamp": "2024-01-15T10:30:00Z"
}

curl http://localhost:9630/explain

Collector: pg_stat_database
  Query: SELECT datname, numbackends FROM pg_stat_database
  Tags: [cluster]
  TTL: 10s
  Timeout: 100ms
  Version: 100000-999999
  Status: Active

Collector: pg_stat_replication
  Query: SELECT client_addr, state FROM pg_stat_replication
  Tags: [primary]
  TTL: 5s
  Timeout: 100ms
  Version: 100000-999999
  Status: Active (primary only)

...

curl http://localhost:9630/stat

Collector Statistics:
  pg_stat_database:
    Executions: 1234
    Successes: 1230
    Failures: 4
    Avg Duration: 2.5ms
    Last Execution: 2024-01-15T10:29:55Z

  pg_stat_activity:
    Executions: 1234
    Successes: 1234
    Failures: 0
    Avg Duration: 1.2ms
    Last Execution: 2024-01-15T10:29:55Z
...

upstream pg_primary {
    server 10.0.0.1:5432;
    server 10.0.0.2:5432 backup;
}

upstream pg_replicas {
    server 10.0.0.2:5432;
    server 10.0.0.3:5432;
}

server {
    listen 5432;

    location / {
        proxy_pass http://pg_primary;
        health_check uri=/primary port=9630;
    }
}

pg_exporter \
  --url="postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/postgres" \
  --config="/etc/pg_exporter/pg_exporter.yml" \
  --web.listen-address=":9630" \
  --auto-discovery \
  --exclude-database="template0,template1" \
  --log.level="info"

Flags:
  -h, --[no-]help                显示上下文相关帮助（也可尝试 --help-long 和 --help-man）。
  -u, --url=URL                  postgres 目标 URL
  -c, --config=CONFIG            配置目录或文件路径
      --[no-]web.systemd-socket  使用 systemd socket 激活监听器代替端口监听器（仅限 Linux）。
      --web.listen-address=:9630 ...
                                 暴露指标和 Web 界面的地址。可重复指定多个地址。示例：`:9100` 或 `[::1]:9100` 用于 http，`vsock://:9100` 用于 vsock
      --web.config.file=""       可启用 TLS 或认证的配置文件路径。参见：https://github.com/prometheus/exporter-toolkit/blob/master/docs/web-configuration.md
  -l, --label=""                 常量标签：逗号分隔的 label=value 对列表 ($PG_EXPORTER_LABEL)
  -t, --tag=""                   标签，逗号分隔的服务器标签列表 ($PG_EXPORTER_TAG)
  -C, --[no-]disable-cache       强制不使用缓存 ($PG_EXPORTER_DISABLE_CACHE)
  -m, --[no-]disable-intro       禁用采集器级别的内省指标 ($PG_EXPORTER_DISABLE_INTRO)
  -a, --[no-]auto-discovery      自动抓取给定服务器的所有数据库 ($PG_EXPORTER_AUTO_DISCOVERY)
  -x, --exclude-database="template0,template1,postgres"
                                 启用自动发现时排除的数据库 ($PG_EXPORTER_EXCLUDE_DATABASE)
  -i, --include-database=""      启用自动发现时包含的数据库 ($PG_EXPORTER_INCLUDE_DATABASE)
  -n, --namespace=""             内置指标的前缀，默认为 (pg|pgbouncer) ($PG_EXPORTER_NAMESPACE)
  -f, --[no-]fail-fast           启动时立即失败而不是等待 ($PG_EXPORTER_FAIL_FAST)
  -T, --connect-timeout=100      连接超时（毫秒），默认 100 ($PG_EXPORTER_CONNECT_TIMEOUT)
  -P, --web.telemetry-path="/metrics"
                                 暴露指标的 URL 路径 ($PG_EXPORTER_TELEMETRY_PATH)
  -D, --[no-]dry-run             干运行并打印原始配置
  -E, --[no-]explain             解释服务器计划的查询
      --log.level="info"         日志级别：debug|info|warn|error]
      --log.format="logfmt"      日志格式：logfmt|json
      --[no-]version             显示应用程序版本

PG_EXPORTER_URL='postgres://:5432/?sslmode=disable'
PG_EXPORTER_CONFIG=/etc/pg_exporter.yml
PG_EXPORTER_LABEL=""
PG_EXPORTER_TAG=""
PG_EXPORTER_DISABLE_CACHE=false
PG_EXPORTER_AUTO_DISCOVERY=true
PG_EXPORTER_EXCLUDE_DATABASE="template0,template1,postgres"
PG_EXPORTER_INCLUDE_DATABASE=""
PG_EXPORTER_NAMESPACE="pg"
PG_EXPORTER_FAIL_FAST=false
PG_EXPORTER_CONNECT_TIMEOUT=100
PG_EXPORTER_TELEMETRY_PATH="/metrics"
PG_EXPORTER_OPTS='--log.level=info'

pg_exporter

-- 创建监控角色
CREATE ROLE pg_monitor WITH LOGIN PASSWORD 'strong_password' CONNECTION LIMIT 5;

-- 授予必要权限
GRANT pg_monitor TO pg_monitor;  -- PostgreSQL 10+ 内置角色
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE postgres TO pg_monitor;

-- 对于特定数据库
GRANT CONNECT ON DATABASE app_db TO pg_monitor;
GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA public TO pg_monitor;

-- 扩展监控的额外权限
GRANT SELECT ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA pg_catalog TO pg_monitor;
GRANT SELECT ON ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA pg_catalog TO pg_monitor;

# 带 SSL 的连接字符串
PG_EXPORTER_URL='postgres://pg_monitor:password@db.example.com:5432/postgres?sslmode=require&sslcert=/path/to/client.crt&sslkey=/path/to/client.key&sslrootcert=/path/to/ca.crt'

# 创建 .pgpass 文件
echo "db.example.com:5432:*:pg_monitor:password" > ~/.pgpass
chmod 600 ~/.pgpass

# 在 URL 中不使用密码
PG_EXPORTER_URL='postgres://pg_monitor@db.example.com:5432/postgres'

[Unit]
Description=Prometheus exporter for PostgreSQL/Pgbouncer server metrics
Documentation=https://github.com/pgsty/pg_exporter
After=network.target

[Service]
EnvironmentFile=-/etc/default/pg_exporter
User=prometheus
ExecStart=/usr/bin/pg_exporter $PG_EXPORTER_OPTS
Restart=on-failure

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

PG_EXPORTER_URL='postgres://:5432/?sslmode=disable'
PG_EXPORTER_CONFIG=/etc/pg_exporter.yml
PG_EXPORTER_LABEL=""
PG_EXPORTER_TAG=""
PG_EXPORTER_DISABLE_CACHE=false
PG_EXPORTER_AUTO_DISCOVERY=true
PG_EXPORTER_EXCLUDE_DATABASE="template0,template1,postgres"
PG_EXPORTER_INCLUDE_DATABASE=""
PG_EXPORTER_NAMESPACE="pg"
PG_EXPORTER_FAIL_FAST=false
PG_EXPORTER_CONNECT_TIMEOUT=100
PG_EXPORTER_TELEMETRY_PATH="/metrics"
PG_EXPORTER_OPTS='--log.level=info'

# 启动服务
sudo systemctl start pg_exporter

# 停止服务
sudo systemctl stop pg_exporter

# 重启服务
sudo systemctl restart pg_exporter

# 查看服务状态
sudo systemctl status pg_exporter

# 设置开机自启
sudo systemctl enable pg_exporter

# 实时查看日志
journalctl -u pg_exporter -f

# 查看最近的日志
journalctl -u pg_exporter --since "1 hour ago"

# 查看错误日志
journalctl -u pg_exporter -p err

docker run -d \
  --name pg_exporter \
  --restart unless-stopped \
  -p 9630:9630 \
  -e PG_EXPORTER_URL="postgres://user:pass@host:5432/postgres" \
  pgsty/pg_exporter:latest

version: '3.8'

services:
  pg_exporter:
    image: pgsty/pg_exporter:latest
    container_name: pg_exporter
    restart: unless-stopped
    ports:
      - "9630:9630"
    environment:
      - PG_EXPORTER_URL=postgres://pg_monitor:password@postgres:5432/postgres
      - PG_EXPORTER_AUTO_DISCOVERY=true
      - PG_EXPORTER_EXCLUDE_DATABASE=template0,template1
    volumes:
      - ./pg_exporter.yml:/etc/pg_exporter.yml:ro
    depends_on:
      - postgres

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: pg-exporter
  labels:
    app: pg-exporter
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: pg-exporter
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: pg-exporter
      annotations:
        prometheus.io/scrape: "true"
        prometheus.io/port: "9630"
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: pg-exporter
        image: pgsty/pg_exporter:latest
        ports:
        - containerPort: 9630
        env:
        - name: PG_EXPORTER_URL
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: pg-credentials
              key: connection-url
        - name: PG_EXPORTER_AUTO_DISCOVERY
          value: "true"
        livenessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /liveness
            port: 9630
          initialDelaySeconds: 30
          periodSeconds: 10
        readinessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /readiness
            port: 9630
          initialDelaySeconds: 5
          periodSeconds: 5
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 200m
            memory: 256Mi
          requests:
            cpu: 100m
            memory: 128Mi

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: pg-exporter
  labels:
    app: pg-exporter
spec:
  ports:
  - port: 9630
    targetPort: 9630
    name: metrics
  selector:
    app: pg-exporter

scrape_configs:
  - job_name: 'postgresql'
    static_configs:
      - targets:
        - 'pg-exporter-1:9630'
        - 'pg-exporter-2:9630'
        - 'pg-exporter-3:9630'

scrape_configs:
  - job_name: 'postgresql'
    kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: pod
    relabel_configs:
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_label_app]
        regex: pg-exporter
        action: keep
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_ip]
        target_label: __address__
        replacement: ${1}:9630

groups:
  - name: pg_exporter
    rules:
      # 导出器宕机告警
      - alert: PgExporterDown
        expr: up{job="postgresql"} == 0
        for: 5m
        labels:
          severity: critical
        annotations:
          summary: "PG Exporter 宕机"
          description: "{{ $labels.instance }} 的 PG Exporter 已宕机超过 5 分钟"

      # 数据库连接失败告警
      - alert: PostgreSQLDown
        expr: pg_up == 0
        for: 1m
        labels:
          severity: critical
        annotations:
          summary: "PostgreSQL 连接失败"
          description: "无法连接到 {{ $labels.instance }} 上的 PostgreSQL"

      # 抓取时间过长告警
      - alert: PgExporterSlowScrape
        expr: pg_exporter_last_scrape_duration_seconds > 30
        for: 5m
        labels:
          severity: warning
        annotations:
          summary: "PG Exporter 抓取缓慢"
          description: "{{ $labels.instance }} 的抓取时间超过 30 秒"

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